On the playground of an old elementary school in the heart of Los Angeles a group of third-graders engaged in a heated argument over the finer points of handball regulations. Several of the boys peppered their statements with “adult vocabulary” which had best remain unprinted. One youngster felt uneasy about that kind of talk, yet he wanted to fit in with his peers. His parents had never given him a list of “bad words,” but he knew that that manner of speaking was wrong.
However, to fit in with his peers, and particularly to be like the leader of the group, he joined in the argument with all the gusto and swearing displayed by the other boys. This compromise in his way of talking did not stop there. It continued … until his parents found out. I don’t remember the circumstances surrounding their discovery of his newly expanded vocabulary, but I remember the results well! You see, I was the third-grader who had learned to argue “like an adult.” But when my parents found out, my methods of argument were significantly altered.
A little boy using bad words may seem like a humorous and almost quaint example of peer pressure, but that could have been just the beginning of a slippery slope of compromise had it not been corrected. We all have heard of people who, through peer pressure and compromise, fell into drugs, or sexual sin, or gang violence. Furthermore, we can each remember compromises of which we are ashamed.
Compromise due to peer pressure is essentially a fear-response. We fear what others will think of us, or we fear rejection. Although the issues involved in compromise may change, the root cause remains the same, so it is not surprising that we find the same problem in Galatians. In fact, we will look at two examples of fear-induced compromise.
Peter and Peer Pressure
Peter is one of everyone’s favorite personalities. You can’t help but love the guy! As a disciple, he had his foot in his mouth more often than his fork, and his degree of bravado seemed matched only by his degree of failure. Yet Jesus’ patient tutelage, and the empowering presence of the Holy Spirit, made him into one of the pillars of the early church.
Yet even the power of the Spirit did not make Peter infallible. (This should be a comfort to us!) In Galatians, Paul tells about a time when he had to confront and correct Peter.
Read Galatians 2:11–21.
Why did Paul oppose Peter?
Why did Peter withdraw from the Gentiles?
When did Peter withdraw from the Gentiles?
Of what was Peter afraid?
Peter was clearly intimidated by the Jewish Christians who came from James. The controversy over Gentile acceptance in the church was heating up, and many of the more traditional Jews accepted James as their leader. Peter’s freedom to eat with the Gentiles could easily be misunderstood by the Jews, and the Jews were Peter’s primary sphere of ministry. Peter feared that misunderstanding could be detrimental to his work for the Lord. However, he failed to recognize that his compromise with the Law was detrimental to the purity of the gospel.
James
James was a key figure in the early church. He is alluded to here in Galatians, and he was one of the leaders involved in the Jerusalem Council. But who is he and what is his connection to the Galatians?
First, James was not the son of Zebedee, the apostle John’s brother. We are told in Acts 12 that James the brother of John was killed by Herod. The indications from the Bible and church history are that this James was the half-brother of Jesus, and also the writer of the book of James. (John 7:3, Acts 1:14, Matt. 13:55, Jude 1).
James was heavily involved with the Jews of Judea. He cared deeply for his countrymen and prayed fervently for their salvation. It was his practice to adhere strictly to Jewish customs as a means of witnessing to the Jews around him. He was probably a stricter Jew than those he lived among, and even among the non-Christians he had a reputation for being righteous.
This emphasis on practice can be observed easily in the book of James, and some—both in his time and since—have been confused by his doctrine of works. But James was never confused. The position he took in the Jerusalem Council clearly shows that he knew that works were not the source of salvation, but rather the fruit of salvation.
It is likely that the books of James and Galatians were both written prior to the Jerusalem Council. These writings show us the differences in emphasis that led to controversy, but there is no indication that Paul and James were ever personally in conflict.
The question of eating with Gentiles involved Jewish ritual. The Jews would not eat with the Gentiles because they were “unclean.” Questions about Jewish religious law, how it was to be observed, and how much the Gentiles had to observe were critical questions in the first decades of the church’s life. In a.d. 49 or 50 the leaders of the church met at Jerusalem in order to deal specifically with the question of Gentiles coming to Christ.
Behind the Scenes
The Jerusalem Council—Acts 15
In Acts 15 we are told of a very important event in the life of the early church. The Jerusalem Council was critically important for at least two reasons: 1) The Council determined that a Gentile could become a Christian without submitting to the ceremonial regulations of Judaism. This decision prevented Christianity from remaining just a Jewish sect. 2) The methodology by which this decision was made established a precedent which guided early Christianity. Over the first several centuries a number of councils were called to deal decisively with important matters of doctrine and heresy. Doctrines concerning the Trinity, the dual nature of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the establishment of the canon of Scripture were among the issues agreed upon in the great ecumenical councils of the church.
As stated in the last lesson, the Jerusalem Council also has particular significance for the book of Galatians. The purpose for writing Galatians was to answer the very same issues which were being settled in the Jerusalem Council. In addition, the dating of Galatians is primarily influenced by two issues: whether Galatians was written to north Galatia or south Galatia, and whether Galatians was written before or after the Jerusalem Council.
Peter caved in to peer pressure on this occasion. The ironic thing we see here is that the “peer pressure” in this case was tending toward a more legalistic lifestyle. We generally think of peer pressure as something which leads us to compromise a standard rather than go back to a more rigorous standard. But Paul recognized the compromise for what it was—nothing less than a compromise of the entire gospel!
How was Peter’s action a compromise of the gospel?
The Galatians’ Compromise
As we have seen, Paul was vehement about defending the gospel he preached. He vigorously defended the gospel against his opponents, and he even confronted Peter for the sake of the gospel of grace. In this epistle, Paul likewise confronts the Galatians, for the Galatians were in danger of making the same error that Peter made, and for much the same reason.
Read Galatians 3:1–14
Paul introduces this part of the letter with a series of questions. Restate the main questions Paul asks and answer them.
What was the main error the Galatians were making?
Why do you think the Galatians were turning back to the Law?
What does Paul state the Galatians have received?
By what two means is God working in the Galatians?
Who is seen as our prime example, and why?
Why are we under a curse?
How is the curse on us removed?
What is the result of the removal of the curse?
The Galatians had begun to drift away from the gospel of grace and were turning back to works. This probably seemed a logical step: the Judaizers seemed so holy and sincere. In addition, they had scriptural arguments, and many others were following their teaching.
But Paul, in a strong rebuke, cuts through all the nonsense, and his key point is worthy of attention.
“Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?” (Gal. 3:2).
The Galatians had been touched by the Spirit. They had begun a new life through faith in Christ and by the power of the Spirit. In addition, they had seen the miraculous power of the Spirit working in their midst. Their personal experience of the working of the Spirit was part of Paul’s argument against the doctrines of the Judaizers. God, who supplies the Spirit, had done so in response to their faith, not their works.
It is important to note the emphasis which Paul puts on their experience in the Spirit. Paul is arguing that the division lies between the Spirit and the Law: the Spirit is received by faith and the Law is accomplished by works. The traditional view of Galatians sees the dichotomy between faith and works, yet it has usually missed the underlying division between the Law and the Spirit. Yet this division between the Law and the Spirit is crucial to Paul’s argument. The Galatians have become part of the people of God because they have received the Spirit, not because they have been circumcised. Furthermore, they live in the Spirit doing the works of the Spirit; their life is not controlled by the observance of the Law.
Paul’s appeal to the Galatians’ experience in the Spirit is seen more clearly if we look closer at his statement in verse 4: “Have you suffered so many things in vain …?” Some translations of the Bible render the verb “suffered” as “experienced.” The reason for this difference is that Paul uses that particular word (pascho) elsewhere in his letters to mean “suffer,” but the usual meaning of the word is “experience.” Thus, there is a division among scholars regarding the preferable translation. But if we take the usual connotation of the word, we can see that Paul is appealing directly to their experience in the Spirit.
This experience is both past and present. Paul speaks clearly of his initial preaching of the gospel in Galatians 3:1 and to their receiving of the Spirit at that time in 3:2. But he is also making the important point that their experience of the Spirit is continuing. God is still working miracles and supplying the Spirit in the present—now (Gal. 3:5).
Supplies, epichoregeo. A combination of epi, intensive, and choregeo, “to defray the expenses of a chorus.” The word thus means to supply fully or abundantly, generously provide what is needed, cover the costs completely. It is used with the strong connotation of great and free generosity. Paul is chiding the Galatians for regressing to the beggarly elements of legalism, which he contrasts with the abounding surplus of God’s provision through grace.1
We likewise need to recognize that our experiences and the testimony of what God has done in our lives are worthy to be part of the foundation of our faith. God is still supplying the Spirit and working miracles through faith, and these experiences are supposed to be edifying. They are part of our relationship with God.
In my teenage years, I did some of the questioning that many do. I decided that I needed to analyze my beliefs and determine if my belief in God was well-founded. Through subsequent years I have learned about many arguments for the existence of God, but in my teenage years I really did not need them. I determined that I could not question God’s existence because I had seen and experienced too much of God’s work to seriously question His existence.
Paul knew that the personal experiences of the Galatians were important to the establishment of their faith; however, Paul did not leave their faith based on subjective experiences. He went directly to the Word of God to explain and give example of justification by faith.
Look again at Galatians 3:5–14. What are the key points in Paul’s explanation of justification by faith?
Peer Pressure and Fear Pressure
The Galatians desired to be accepted; it was typical peer pressure. Peter was afraid of what others might think; it was typical fear pressure. But both cases led to a compromise of what had been learned, and experienced, and believed.
Peter had walked with Jesus. He had learned from the Master and had seen the miracles. He had even seen the resurrected Lord. He knew that “we ought to obey God rather than men.” (Acts 5:29). Yet he needed a reminder.
The Galatians also had learned much and seen much. The initial work of Paul among the Galatians is recorded in Acts 13 and 14. Let us examine the experience of the Galatians and discover some of the things they had learned.
Read Acts 13:16–41.
This sermon is recognized as a pattern of the way Paul presented the gospel. As such, we can be sure that these basic ideas were taught to all the Galatian churches during that first missionary journey.
What is Paul’s purpose in verses 16 to 23? Why does he begin the sermon that way?
What is the main point in this opening part of Paul’s sermon?
What is Paul’s emphasis in verses 23 to 31?
The final portion of the sermon is the proclamation.
What are the three key declarations Paul makes?
What statement is made which most directly bears on the message of the letter to the Galatians?
Paul’s sermon is a masterwork of communication. He got the attention and interest of his audience by connecting his message to them. Paul spoke of Jewish history. This not only piqued their interest, it also showed that his message was grounded in historical fact. He then went on to give the crux of his gospel: Jesus came, He died, and He rose again. But Paul did not leave it there. He went back to Scripture to interpret the significance of the message. Perhaps the most significant thing Paul said in relation to our present study was “by Him everyone who believes is justified from all things from which you could not be justified by the law of Moses” (Acts 13:39). This statement is a direct parallel to the message of Galatians.
Paul also taught them that following the gospel would not always be accepted and that “we must through many tribulations enter the kingdom of God.” (Acts 14:22). Following the gospel does have a cost; it does require sacrifice. Paul was stoned and left for dead at Lystra, so the Galatians knew first-hand what the cost could be. Yet they, like Peter, needed a reminder.
Thus we see that Paul used directness in dealing with the results of fear-induced compromise; he was not at all timid in correction. Yet Paul also continually went back to the source. We saw in the first lesson how Paul went back to the source to answer fears regarding identity. Likewise, here he goes to the source for correcting compromise.
Just as our identification with Christ is the key to our identity, so also the force which animates your life does not find its source in the world or in your peers but “the just shall live by faith” (Gal. 3:11). As Paul led the Galatians back to their beginnings (Gal. 3:3), so we need to rediscover the beginnings of our faith. The Holy Spirit, working through His own gentle power and the power of the Word, brought us to faith in Christ. This faith is the source of our courage to stand in Christ. It is a faith based on the work of the Spirit in our lives, made more secure by being grounded in the eternal Word of God.
What experiences has God used in your life to edify your faith?
What Scriptures or lessons from the Word has God particularly used in your life?
The balance between our personal experience and our learning of the Bible is not easily achieved. Many people find the present working of the Spirit so exciting that they become totally oriented toward experience. These people can be deceived easily because their eyes are on the signs rather than on what the signs point to.
On the other hand, there are those who study with rigor. They know their doctrines backward and forward and they are ready to test those who are apostles and are not, and find them to be liars (Rev. 2:2). But like the church of Ephesus, these people have forgotten that God wants to have a relationship with us. The church is an army, but we are not continually in boot camp.
The balance is found in faith. Faith believes and studies the Word, yet sees that the limits of our comprehension are not the endpoints of the Spirit’s work. Faith goes beyond both experience and teaching into relationship with God.